Hate Speeches -- Rights Equality Papers

Loathe Speeches What do the words Cracker, Kike, Nigger, Jap, Chinc, Faggot, Queer, Dike and Spic all share for all intents and purpose? They are largely disparaging comments that people consider each other every day. For what reason can individuals utilize these terms and not need to stress over accepting any discipline or any mocking? The explanation is a result of the First Amendment right of free discourse. The principal change gives individuals the option to essentially say whatever rings a bell whether it is something pleasant or something like a slanderous comment. The primary alteration is acceptable and the right to speak freely of discourse has its focal points like most things, yet be that as it may, it likewise has its disservices. The disservices are that individuals can say words that are very harmful to somebody and nothing will happen to the one saying it. The vast majority will have a more concerning issue with the individuals who are the person in question, for expressing that thei r privileges were being abused. The principal change rights do have certain limitations on them starting at now, for example, you can say what you so pick as long as it doesn't encroach on some other people rights. As I would like to think the primary correction right ought to have limitations or a larger number of limitations than what it has now. Limitations that manage the slanderous comments in broad daylight, many imagine that this won't work, yet with the correct rules and participation I accept that we as a country can have unfavorable comments not hurt anybody, or be said out in the open, where they can be heard by everybody not just the individual who is the objective of the verbally abusing. Numerous individuals have conclusions regarding the matter of free discourse. Oversight of free discourse is something that the arbitrary â€Å"Joe Shmo† can contend against on the grounds that he feels that he won't be abdominal muscle... ... against the KKK, they will likewise be expelled and the best possible discipline, will be served equity. As should be obvious, the bill doesn't and won't oppress a specific gathering or gatherings that are known for having such perspectives and causing such issues in broad daylight. Numerous individuals state don’t take there free discourse away, as a result of racial slurs and separation, yet it not removing it, they reserve the privilege to state it anyplace else, however out in the open. Some equivalent why not simply instruct them? The purpose behind the restriction and not teaching them is on the grounds that individuals are obstinate with regards to their convictions and the manner in which they were raised. Individuals will never figure out how to manage racial contrasts, and by attempting to instruct them we will burn through cash and time and endeavors of the country and the state governments. Instruction won't work, yet control of free discourse out in the open w ill.

Aboriginal Athletes in the World of Professional Sports :: Essays Papers

Native Athletes in the World of Professional Sports Terrence and Jordin Tootoo experienced childhood in Rankin Inlet, Nunavut, in Canada’s ice district. They resembled other Inuit youngsters in Rankin Inlet in numerous regards: They were raised to regard the traditions of their kin and they appreciated the assets the land around them gave they figured out how to chase and fish for food like the others. Be that as it may, the siblings were additionally not quite the same as their companions in a single principle regard they were honored with an affection for the round of hockey, and furthermore with phenomenal measures of ability which would empower them to leave their local network to seek after the fantasy of expert hockey. While the siblings were growing up they were indistinguishable; in any case, subsequent to leaving Rankin Inlet to seek after the expert game their separate professions took strikingly various ways. Jordin’s venture took him to the top-he was drafted into the National Hockey League and marked a rewar ding agreement with the Nashville Predators. Be that as it may, Terrence’s street to the expert positions was loaded up with hardship and catastrophe, at last bringing about his self destruction in August of 2002. The differentiating ways taken by the siblings is a delineation of how expert wearing vocations can impactsly affect the lives of Native American and Canadian competitors and their networks. In the accompanying barely any passages I will layout the historical backdrop of Native Americans and Canadians in sports. I will analyze how fruitful Native competitors can support their networks, both monetarily and by filling in as good examples for more youthful Natives. Likewise, I will contend that their still exist hindrances and difficulties to Native competitors that don't go up against different competitors. For instance, Native competitors are frequently positioned under expanded investigation on account of their situations as good examples. I will finish up by remark ing on how Native competitors fit into elite athletics today, and estimate on what should be possible to build the measure of achievement appreciated by Natives. Support in sports and games has for quite some time been a piece of Native culture. The most huge case of a game developed and played by Natives is lacrosse. Lacrosse is still assigned as the official game of Canada in spite of the staggering prevalence of hockey (http://canada.gc.ca). Lacrosse was one of numerous assortments of indigenous stickball games being played by Native Americans and Canadians at the hour of European contact. Exclusively a male group activity, it is recognized from other stick and ball games, for example, field hockey or shinny, by the utilization of a got racquet with which to take the ball out the ground, toss, catch and vault it into or past an objective to score a point.

Critical Review Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States essays

Basic Review Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States papers History specialists and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States Just a minority of the whites possessed slaves, consistently almost three-fourths of the white families in the South all in all held no slaves; slave proprietorship in the South was not far reaching; not in excess of a fourth of the white heads of families were slave proprietors, and even in the cotton expresses the extent was short of what 33%; in 1850, just one out of three claimed any Negroes; just before the Civil War, the apportion was one of every four; and slave proprietors likely made up not exactly 33% of southern whites. From the US History reading material in a primary school to the Civil War diaries of a significant college, these lines are republished and rehashed trying to shape the impression of general society and to facilitate the instabilities of a country humiliated by bondage, a foundation that apparently defaced its wonderful history, or so says Otto H. Olsen. In an article that shows up in the diary of Civil War History of 1972 entitled, Historians and the Extent of Slave Ownership in the Southern United States Olsen endeavors to challenge the broadly acknowledged idea that slave proprietorship was kept to just a couple of southern white manor proprietors and that a large portion of the white populace was unaffected by it. The writer spends almost 50% of his thirty-seven section article showing the over a wide span of time mentalities of everyone through a few contextual analyses which he records sequentially and clarifies to sum things up detail. He attempts to dishonor a bunch of them while, simultaneously, infusing his own perspectives. While trying to convince the peruser he sets up his side of the discussion by refering to a couple of contextual investigations that advance his speculation and finishes up by relating his very own portion sentiments and discoveries including an examination where he makes an apparently solid correlation between thos... <!

President Noynoy Aquino - Free Essay Example

Mother language education in President Noynoys 1ST SONA (reposted from DILA Forum, by Sir Manny) The good news from Rep. Magtanggol Gunigundo is that he was able to talk to President Noynoy Aquino and President Aquino said he would mention in his SONA his 10 point agenda which includes MLE. President Noynoy Aquino recognizes the importance of mother tongue-based multilingual education in the formative years of children and harmonizes it with recommendations of UNESCO. Point 8 in his 10-point Education agenda states: 8. Medium of Instruction rationalized UNESCO has proven that young children learn best in their mother tongue before moving on to English in higher grades. This is a policy already observed by DepEd since Brother Andrew Gonzalezs time as DepEd Secretary From pre-school to grade 3, we will use the mother tongue as the medium of instruction while teaching English and Filipino subjects. From Grades 4-6 (7). we will increasingly use English as the medium of instruction for science and math and Filipino for Aralang Panlipunan (social studies). For High School, English should be the medium of instruction for science, math English; Filipino for AP, Filipino and tech-voc education. My view on this is larger than just the classroom. We should become tri-lingual as a country. : * Learn English well and connect to the world. * Learn Filipino well and connect to our country. * Retain your mother tongue and connect to your heritage. (First delivered at the Third COCOPEA National Congress, 11 February 2010, Manila, Philippines, and published in Commentary, The Philippine Daily Inquirer, February 2010. ) We worked hard to go this far. As Marietta Primicias Goco of Subsidiarity Movement International put it, At least you guys have made a beachhead with P-Noy re MLE for the first four years of schooling. Thats VERY important and needs only to be put in place everywhere. ASAP! Yet, we should also heed Dr. Jes Tirols comments: Yes we have the beachhead. I hope we will not remain in the beach. Hitler could not have been defeated if the allies stayed at the beaches of Normandy. President Noynoy cannot escape his background and training, as neither can we. He grew up in the Tagalog culture of his mother. He is a Tagalista and uses Tagalog in all his public appearances. He of course accepts MLE as the most effective way for transference or bridging to Tagalog. A lot of work still needs to be done, especially the need to amend Article XIV, Section 7 of the 1987 Constitution and finally recognize our regional languages as official languages and medium of instruction as they do in Spain, Belgium, UK, South Africa, India, Switzerland and Canada, to name some countries which are good paradigms of multi-culturalism and recognition of, and respect for, linguistic diversity.

Describe the Importance of Quality Leadership and the...

FOUNDATION DEGREE IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CARE MANAGEMENTETHICS, LEADERSHIP AND INTERPROFESSIONAL WORKING IN HEALTH AND SOCIAL CAREHS4501-40Describe The Importance Of Quality Leadership And The Difference Between Leadership And Management Within A Health And Social Care Environment, And Explain The Ethical Value Framework Leaders Of Services Should Adhere To STUDENT ID: 213599 06/05/2011 WORD COUNT 3,606 | | Describe The Importance Of Quality Leadership And The Difference Between Leadership And Management Within A Health And Social Care Environment, And Explain The Ethical Value Framework Leaders Of Services Should Adhere To | | This essay†¦show more content†¦If care workers are in low mood and portray negativity to clients the low mood and negativity may rub off on the client. In the same way if care workers portray a positive mood this hopefully encouarges a good temperament in clients. Corrigan (2000) â€Å"Found that team leadership ratings independently accounted for 40% of the total variance in client satisfaction amongst mental health patients.† (cited in Haracre, et al 2011). The majority of organisations aspire to be in business on a long term basis. For this to happen there has to be enthusiasm, long term planning and vision. Choi and Behling (1997) suggest that transactional leaders demonstrate achieving immeidate goals and development converging on present success where as good transformational leadership inspires and develops long term success. (cited in Haracre, et al 2011) To discourage unsafe or inadequate quality practice quality leaders will aid their teams to overcome hindrances, encouarge them to learn from mistakes and focus on opportunities rather than failures. Bennis (Undated) proposes that quality leaders present an image of prominence that instigates to subordinates that they are accessible at all times. This encourages and urges w orkers to come forward and confess any blunders or mistakes and allow lessons to be learnt to stop the same errors happening in future. Edmondson’s (1996) study into error reporting found â€Å"repressive and dictatorial regimes are almost bound to produce data whichShow MoreRelatedNursing Is My Second Career2246 Words   |  9 Pages In this leadership role, I assist our medical director with managing the clinical portion of our program. I have currently reached a point in my professional career where I have exhausted my path of opportunity and challenges at my current academic level. My goal is to become the most effective clinician, and to make a positive difference in people’s lives by applying my practical life and nursing experiences, while having a satisfying and rewarding career that has meaning and value to me. 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Intergovernmental Panel On Climate Change - 2626 Words

Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) highlighted in its 5th Assessment Report both the unequivocal warming and apparent human influence on the climate system. Anthropogenic (human-induced) climate change was proven by the increasing atmospheric concentration of the greenhouse gases, radiative forcing, and observation over warming and the climate system. It is also emphasized that to reduce changes in the climate system will require substantial and continuous reductions of greenhouse gas emissions (IPCC, 2014). Climate change is perceived as a critical problem or external shock for many sociotechnical systems. This problem forces response from the system to adapt, which leads to resilience (maintaining the status quo),†¦show more content†¦Transformational adaptation typically deals with changes or innovation in technology, but it is also common that the changes are behavioral shift or cultural change, which affect the way individuals and community react to the climate change issue (Kates et al., 2012, O’Brien, K., 2012). The term ‘radical’ and ‘transformational’ will be used interchangeably in this essay. This essay begins with an extensive description of characteristic of radical change and followed by discussion of the preference to enforce radical than incremental change to tackle the impact of climate change, both sections including specific examples from the previous or current adaptation strategy employed in some regions across the world. Shortly after, radical change which applied through the case of technological change will be explained separately. The last part of the essay will briefly discuss difficulties in implementation of radical change and practical steps to be considered during the implementation phase. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn based on the overall essay discussion. 2. Characteristic of radical change Kates et al. (2012, p. 7156) defines three classes of transformational adaptation, which are those that are adopted at a much larger scale, that are truly new to a particular region or resource system, and that transform places and shift locations. The later section will concisely discuss each class, followed by an example of each class. 1)

Census Method free essay sample

Census Method All items in any field of inquiry constitute a ‘ Universe ’ or ‘ Population. ’ A complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as a census inquiry. It can be presumed that in such an enquiry, when all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of observation increases. Moreover, there is no way of checking the element of bias or its extent except through a resurvey or use of sample checks. Besides, this type of inquiry involves a great deal of time, money and energy. Therefore, when the field of inquiry is large, this method becomes difficult to adopt because of the resources involved. At times, this method is practically beyond the reach of ordinary researchers. We will write a custom essay sample on Census Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Perhaps, government is the only institution which can get the complete enumeration carried out. Even the government adopts this in a very rare cases such as population census conducted once in a decade. Further, many a time it is not possible to examine every item in the population, and sometimes it is possible to obtain sufficiently accurate results by studying only a part of total population. In such cases there is no utility of census surveys. A census refers to a count or a study of all of the elements in the ‘ Population’. As is quite obvious it is generally more economical in time, efforts and money to get the desired information for only some of the elements ( sample ) than for all of them, i. e. , the population. When we select some of the elements ( sample ) with the intention of finding out something about the population from which they are taken, we refer to that sub group of elements of a ‘ Sample ’. Our expectation, in studying the sample, is of course, that what we find out from the sample, will be true of the ‘ population ’ as a whole. Actually this may not be the case, since after all; a sample is only a part of the whole population. How far would the information of findings we get from the sample, approximate the finding we would get if the totality, i. . , the given population, were studied and whether or not out finding based on the study of a sample is likely to differ from the finding. What we would get if the given population as a whole was studied, by more than a specific margin of value, would depend greatly on the way sample is selected. Of course, we can never have the full assurance that our sample returns reflect the state of the population with respect to the characteristics we are studying, unless we have simultaneously conducted a complete comparable study of the population. However, it needs to be emphasized that when the universe is a small one, it is no use resorting to a sample survey. When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and cost almost invariable lead to a selection of respondents i. e. selection of only a few items. The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘ Sample ’ and the selection process is called ‘ Sampling Technique. ’ The survey so conducted is known as ‘ Sample Survey. ’ There are various methods of Sampling. 1. Deliberate sampling or purposive sampling. 2. Random sampling. 3. Stratified random sampling. 4. Quota sampling. 5. Multi stage sampling. 6. Extensive sampling. 7. Convenient sampling. There are various main features of sampling technique : The sampling technique has following good features and these bring into relief its value and significance. 1. Economy : the sampling technique is much less expensive, much less time consuming than the census technique. 2. Reliability : if the choice of sample units is made with due care and the matter under survey is not heterogeneous, the conclusion of the sample survey can have almost the same reliability as those of census survey. . Detailed study : Since the number of sample units is fairly small these can be studied intensively and elaborately. They can be examined from multiple viewpoints. 4. Greater suitability in most situations : most of the surveys are made by the technique of sample survey, because wherever the matter is of a homogeneous nature, the examination of few units suffices. This is the case in the majority of situations. 5. Scientific Base : This is a scientific technique because the conclusion derived from the study of certain units can be verified from other units. By taking random samples we can determine the amount of deviation from the norm. There are also some common mistakes in sampling technique : 1. Less Accuracy : 2. Changeability of Units : 3. Misleading conclusions : 4. Need for specialized knowledge : 5. When sampling is not possible : Under the census or complete enumeration survey method, data are collected for each and every unit ( person, household, field, shop, factory, etc. as the case may be ) of the population or universe which is the complete set of items which are of interest in any particular situation. or example, if the average wage of workers working in sugar industry in India is to be calculated, then wage figures would be obtained from each and every worker, working in the sugar industry and by dividing the total wages which all these workers receive by the number of workers working in sugar industry, we would get the figure of average wage. Census is the process of obtaining responses from / about each of the members of the POPULATION. The determination of the size of population of a country is an example of census. This process is also known as population census. While collecting data about the profile of the residents in a region to plan a marketing strategy of a product, under census method, one has to collect data from each individual of the population. If the size of the population is manageable, one can resort to census method otherwise, this method is seldom feasible. So under this situation, the alternate method of data collection is sampling. Characteristics of Census Method :- 1. Benchmark / denominator population counts : The most essential aspect of a census is the basic count of the population. The census provides a benchmark for all population. Counts are used as denominators in a wide range of economic and social statistics, using other census data as numerators and also data from a huge variety of other sources, by a vast range of users from the public, private and voluntary sectors. 2. Ability to produce multivariate statistics : Census data allow multivariate analysis of the variables collected. this is a powerful tool for many users who use census data as part of their research or to inform policy decisions. 3. Snapshot of the population : A traditional census provides a ‘ snapshot ’ of the whole population at a single point in time. as a result data are consistent and comparable across all areas. 4. Small area data : The census provides data down to very small geographical areas, including Census Output Areas, covering 125 households on average. the census is the only source that provides nationally consistent information at this low level. 5. Small population data : Census data also provide information on small populations for example, small ethnic communities can be identified and their characteristics captured by the census. Some of the Merits or Advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Data are obtained from each and every unit of the population. 2. The results obtained are likely to be more representative and accurate. 3. It is an appropriate method of obtaining information on rare events such as areas under some crops and yield thereof, the number of persons of certain / age groups, their distribution by sex, educational level of people, etc. this is the reason why throughout the world the population data are obtained by conducting a census generally every 10 years by the census method. . Data of a complete enumeration census can be widely exploited as a basis for various surveys. 5. When survey head has been counted the only possible errors can be due to computation but with the use of computers even this possibility is next to nothing. Therefore, undoubtedly the data derived through census method is highly reliable. The further conclusions derived deductly upon the basis of census statistics are al so very reliable because in deduction the validity of conclusion depends upon the validity of premise and these as noted above are very highly reliable. 6. Detailed Information : The census figures are very pregnant ( full of meaning ), they yield much more information than merely the count of the heads. Every coin has two sides. Therefore whereas census yields highly reliable and detailed information, it is not free from drawbacks. Some of the De merits or Dis-advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Expressiveness : It should be obvious that because each unit in the field of survey has to be examined, census surveys must entail many expenses. Because of the exorbitant cost of such surveys census surveys are as a rule made by the government only. The government needs accurate records of population, productivity etc. because of excessive expense, even government undertake such surveys at very long intervals. 2. Excessive Time and Energy : Besides cost factor, census surveys take too longtime and consume too much energy to be worthwhile normally. It is only in very special cases that such surveys are undertaken. 3. Unstability in certain cases : Some problems range over such a wide area that to study all units under it is almost impossible. For example: if the scope of the problem is infinite, one can by no means succeed in making total survey. If one wishes to study the sexual habit of mankind it is not quite possible to approach each individual for his account of his sexual activity. However despite these advantages of the census method if not very popularly used in practice. The effort, money and time required for carrying out complete enumeration will generally be extremely large and in many cases cost may be so prohibitive that the very idea of collecting information may have to be dropped. This is more true of underdeveloped countries, where resources constitute big constraint. Also if the population is infinite or the evaluation, process destroys the population unit, the census method cannot be adopted. Sampling is simply the process of learning about the population on the basis of a sample drawn from it. Thus in the sampling technique instead of every unit of the universe only a part of the universe is studied and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. A sample is a subset of population units. Sample method of study is one, where we study some selected items from the universe for drawing general inferences. This method has many advantages as well as disadvantages over the census method. In making decisions of census or sampling, the following factors are considered : 1. Size of the population. 2. Amount of funds budgeted for the study. 3. Facilities. 4. Time. Uses of Census Method : In order to consider how best to meet future requirements for the type of information traditionally provided by the census, one must first understand what user’s future needs may be. Census method is used by a wide range of businesses and organizations, including government departments, local government and academics. The uses they make of census data are equally wide ranging and include allocation of finances, monitoring initiatives, and benchmarking other estimates. Census data have many uses They are used at very high levels as well as at the small area levels. There are three key categories of census data, relating to; ? Population units : People and housing with key characteristics such as sex and age; ? Population structures : Households and families; and ?Population / housing characteristics : for example occupation, tenure. The main current uses of census data can be classified into four broad categories, shown below. Also noted are the aspects of census data that are most critical to each use. ?Resource allocation / targeting investment : For resource allocation purpose it is crucial that population counts ( both total counts and by key characteristics ) are accurate, consistent and comparable over the area that the resources are allocated. for many government funding uses, the data must be consistent nationally. ?Planning : Basic population counts and counts by key characteristics ( such as age, sex, ethnic group, household type ) are important for planning. If the different characteristics of an area’s population can be identified, plans can then be made for the sort of services that are necessary. In particular, data for small areas are crucial in local planning. ?Policy formulation or review : There is a clear drive across government for policy initiatives to be evidence based. since many initiatives are implemented and assessed at a local level, census data can form a crucial part of this process. Multivariate analysis feeds into local planning policies as do data on small areas and populations. Social or market research : The ability to produce multivariate statistics on census data is vital for many research uses. Basic population counts and counts by characteristics are also required. More generally, census data are used to improve the quality of many other statistics, which may be used for the above categories. the collection of other data ( from survey for example ) is also made more efficient by the possession of accurat e census counts. Census Method free essay sample A complete enumeration of all items in the population is known as a census inquiry. It can be presumed that in such an enquiry, when all items are covered, no element of chance is left and highest accuracy is obtained. But in practice this may not be true. Even the slightest element of bias in such an inquiry will get larger and larger as the number of observation increases. Moreover, there is no way of checking the element of bias or its extent except through a resurvey or use of sample checks. Besides, this type of inquiry involves a great deal of time, money and energy. Therefore, when the field of inquiry is large, this method becomes difficult to adopt because of the resources involved. At times, this method is practically beyond the reach of ordinary researchers. Perhaps, government is the only institution which can get the complete enumeration carried out. We will write a custom essay sample on Census Method or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Even the government adopts this in a very rare cases such as population census conducted once in a decade. Further, many a time it is not possible to examine every item in the population, and sometimes it is possible to obtain sufficiently accurate results by studying only a part of total population. In such cases there is no utility of census surveys. A census refers to a count or a study of all of the elements in the ‘ Population’. As is quite obvious it is generally more economical in time, efforts and money to get the desired information for only some of the elements ( sample ) than for all of them, i. e. , the population. When we select some of the elements ( sample ) with the intention of finding out something about the population from which they are taken, we refer to that sub group of elements of a ‘ Sample ’. Our expectation, in studying the sample, is of course, that what we find out from the sample, will be true of the ‘ population ’ as a whole. Actually this may not be the case, since after all; a sample is only a part of the whole population. How far would the information of findings we get from the sample, approximate the finding we would get if the totality, i. . , the given population, were studied and whether or not out finding based on the study of a sample is likely to differ from the finding. What we would get if the given population as a whole was studied, by more than a specific margin of value, would depend greatly on the way sample is selected. Of course, we can never have the full assurance that our sample returns reflect the state of the population with respect to the characteristics we are studying, unless we have simultaneously conducted a complete comparable study of the population. However, it needs to be emphasized that when the universe is a small one, it is no use resorting to a sample survey. When field studies are undertaken in practical life, considerations of time and cost almost invariable lead to a selection of respondents i. e. selection of only a few items. The selected respondents constitute what is technically called a ‘ Sample ’ and the selection process is called ‘ Sampling Technique. ’ The survey so conducted is known as ‘ Sample Survey. ’ There are various methods of Sampling. 1. Deliberate sampling or purposive sampling. 2. Random sampling. 3. Stratified random sampling. 4. Quota sampling. 5. Multi stage sampling. 6. Extensive sampling. 7. Convenient sampling. There are various main features of sampling technique : The sampling technique has following good features and these bring into relief its value and significance. 1. Economy : the sampling technique is much less expensive, much less time consuming than the census technique. 2. Reliability : if the choice of sample units is made with due care and the matter under survey is not heterogeneous, the conclusion of the sample survey can have almost the same reliability as those of census survey. . Detailed study : Since the number of sample units is fairly small these can be studied intensively and elaborately. They can be examined from multiple viewpoints. 4. Greater suitability in most situations : most of the surveys are made by the technique of sample survey, because wherever the matter is of a homogeneous nature, the examination of few units suffices. This is the case in the majority of situations. 5. Scientific Base : This is a scientific technique because the conclusion derived from the study of certain units can be verified from other units. By taking random samples we can determine the amount of deviation from the norm. There are also some common mistakes in sampling technique : 1. Less Accuracy : 2. Changeability of Units : 3. Misleading conclusions : 4. Need for specialized knowledge : 5. When sampling is not possible : Under the census or complete enumeration survey method, data are collected for each and every unit ( person, household, field, shop, factory, etc. as the case may be ) of the population or universe which is the complete set of items which are of interest in any particular situation. or example, if the average wage of workers working in sugar industry in India is to be calculated, then wage figures would be obtained from each and every worker, working in the sugar industry and by dividing the total wages which all these workers receive by the number of workers working in sugar industry, we would get the figure of average wage. Census is the process of obtaining responses from / about each of the members of the POPULATION. The determination of the size of population of a country is an example of census. This process is also known as population census. While collecting data about the profile of the residents in a region to plan a marketing strategy of a product, under census method, one has to collect data from each individual of the population. If the size of the population is manageable, one can resort to census method otherwise, this method is seldom feasible. So under this situation, the alternate method of data collection is sampling. Characteristics of Census Method :- 1. Benchmark / denominator population counts : The most essential aspect of a census is the basic count of the population. The census provides a benchmark for all population. Counts are used as denominators in a wide range of economic and social statistics, using other census data as numerators and also data from a huge variety of other sources, by a vast range of users from the public, private and voluntary sectors. 2. Ability to produce multivariate statistics : Census data allow multivariate analysis of the variables collected. this is a powerful tool for many users who use census data as part of their research or to inform policy decisions. 3. Snapshot of the population : A traditional census provides a ‘ snapshot ’ of the whole population at a single point in time. as a result data are consistent and comparable across all areas. 4. Small area data : The census provides data down to very small geographical areas, including Census Output Areas, covering 125 households on average. the census is the only source that provides nationally consistent information at this low level. 5. Small population data : Census data also provide information on small populations for example, small ethnic communities can be identified and their characteristics captured by the census. Some of the Merits or Advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Data are obtained from each and every unit of the population. 2. The results obtained are likely to be more representative and accurate. 3. It is an appropriate method of obtaining information on rare events such as areas under some crops and yield thereof, the number of persons of certain / age groups, their distribution by sex, educational level of people, etc. this is the reason why throughout the world the population data are obtained by conducting a census generally every 10 years by the census method. . Data of a complete enumeration census can be widely exploited as a basis for various surveys. 5. When survey head has been counted the only possible errors can be due to computation but with the use of computers even this possibility is next to nothing. Therefore, undoubtedly the data derived through census method is highly reliable. The further conclusions derived deductly upon the basis of census statistics are al so very reliable because in deduction the validity of conclusion depends upon the validity of premise and these as noted above are very highly reliable. 6. Detailed Information : The census figures are very pregnant ( full of meaning ), they yield much more information than merely the count of the heads. Every coin has two sides. Therefore whereas census yields highly reliable and detailed information, it is not free from drawbacks. Some of the De merits or Dis-advantages of the Census methods are : 1. Expressiveness : It should be obvious that because each unit in the field of survey has to be examined, census surveys must entail many expenses. Because of the exorbitant cost of such surveys census surveys are as a rule made by the government only. The government needs accurate records of population, productivity etc. because of excessive expense, even government undertake such surveys at very long intervals. 2. Excessive Time and Energy : Besides cost factor, census surveys take too longtime and consume too much energy to be worthwhile normally. It is only in very special cases that such surveys are undertaken. 3. Unstability in certain cases : Some problems range over such a wide area that to study all units under it is almost impossible. For example: if the scope of the problem is infinite, one can by no means succeed in making total survey. If one wishes to study the sexual habit of mankind it is not quite possible to approach each individual for his account of his sexual activity. However despite these advantages of the census method if not very popularly used in practice. The effort, money and time required for carrying out complete enumeration will generally be extremely large and in many cases cost may be so prohibitive that the very idea of collecting information may have to be dropped. This is more true of underdeveloped countries, where resources constitute big constraint. Also if the population is infinite or the evaluation, process destroys the population unit, the census method cannot be adopted. Sampling is simply the process of learning about the population on the basis of a sample drawn from it. Thus in the sampling technique instead of every unit of the universe only a part of the universe is studied and the conclusions are drawn on that basis for the entire universe. A sample is a subset of population units. Sample method of study is one, where we study some selected items from the universe for drawing general inferences. This method has many advantages as well as disadvantages over the census method. In making decisions of census or sampling, the following factors are considered : 1. Size of the population. 2. Amount of funds budgeted for the study. 3. Facilities. 4. Time. Uses of Census Method : In order to consider how best to meet future requirements for the type of information traditionally provided by the census, one must first understand what user’s future needs may be. Census method is used by a wide range of businesses and organizations, including government departments, local government and academics. The uses they make of census data are equally wide ranging and include allocation of finances, monitoring initiatives, and benchmarking other estimates. Census data have many uses They are used at very high levels as well as at the small area levels. There are three key categories of census data, relating to; ? Population units : People and housing with key characteristics such as sex and age; ? Population structures : Households and families; and ?Population / housing characteristics : for example occupation, tenure. The main current uses of census data can be classified into four broad categories, shown below. Also noted are the aspects of census data that are most critical to each use. ?Resource allocation / targeting investment : For resource allocation purpose it is crucial that population counts ( both total counts and by key characteristics ) are accurate, consistent and comparable over the area that the resources are allocated. for many government funding uses, the data must be consistent nationally. ?Planning : Basic population counts and counts by key characteristics ( such as age, sex, ethnic group, household type ) are important for planning. If the different characteristics of an area’s population can be identified, plans can then be made for the sort of services that are necessary. In particular, data for small areas are crucial in local planning. ?Policy formulation or review : There is a clear drive across government for policy initiatives to be evidence based. since many initiatives are implemented and assessed at a local level, census data can form a crucial part of this process. Multivariate analysis feeds into local planning policies as do data on small areas and populations. Social or market research : The ability to produce multivariate statistics on census data is vital for many research uses. Basic population counts and counts by characteristics are also required. More generally, census data are used to improve the quality of many other statistics, which may be used for the above categories. the collection of other data ( from survey for example ) is also made more efficient by the possession of accurat e census counts.